list

[|HERE](Rapidshare) OR [|HERE](Megauploads)**
 * COMPACT WORD.DOC (as of 9:50-ish am)

Shorter version 5 pgs ! [|HERE] (megauploads)

Characteristics: - Presence of digital technologies forming basic infrastructure of social, political & economic practices - Networks as basic form of human organization and relationship
 * __Attributes of the network society __**

Attribute #1 - Economic base of network society is informational - Primacy of the generation & distribution of knowledge and information - Emphasis on continuous technological innovation and flexibility as source of economic growth

Attribute #2 - The economy is organized globally - Capital, commodities & information not contained within national boundaries - Regions, cities, firms, individual workers are reconstituted as flexible, temporary networks of varying degrees of power

Attribute #3 - Time and space mediated by technology - “Timeless time” and “space of flows”

Attribute #4 - Power and powerlessness are a function of access to networks and control over flows - Networks acts as gatekeepers - Some networks and nodes are more powerful than others

Attribute #5 - Tension between the abstract perception of being placeless and the concrete desire of people to be grounded in a particular place - Disjuncture between globalizing technology and local identity - In response, movements emerge to re-establish the local  **Technological Determinism #1 - Belief that technologies have an overwhelming and inevitable power to drive human interaction and social change - Focus on the the effects or impacts of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on users, organizations, society - Science is driver of technological innovation resulting in improvements in society & progress
 * __Technological determinism __**
 * - Technology has the ability to drive human interaction and create social change **** -Focuses on impacts of ICTs on society.  

Technological Determinism #2 - Belief that ICTs bring transformative shifts in society - Technology seen as independent causal factor - Technological imperative combines with idea that people react to and accommodate technological change, but do not try to reverse or redirect it

Technological Determinism #3 - Ian Angell, New Barbarian Manifesto (2000) - “A ‘brave new world is being forced upon unsuspecting societies by advances in information technology.” - Technological advances happen automatically & have a life of their own - There is a logic to technological advances which is outside our control Social shaping perspective __** - Technologies are continuously remade by what users do with them
 * __

- New media technologies both shape and are shaped by their social, economic and cultural contexts

- The shaping is “recombinant”= products of continuous hybridization of both existing technologies and innovations in interconnected technical and institutional frameworks Web 1.0 and 2.0
 * __

__**Web 1.0 – is the old standard consisting of Static pages and plain html largely anything that isn’t web 2.0 personal home pages are one example of web 1.0. Controlled by people with authority. (Gov't Informational Website) Web 2.0 – the new face of the World Wide Web focusing on communications, secure information sharing, collaboration. Some examples are face book, you tube, and wikipedia Reading Organizations Owning/Selling Brochure-ware Portals One-to-many E-business Central control ||=  Dynamic Writing Communities Sharing Two-way communication Social Networks Many-to-many Peer production Reciprocal control ||
 * = Web 1.0 ||= Web 2.0 ||
 * = Static

 An emergent class in the work force consisting of knowledge workers, intellectuals, and various types of artists. **__ 3 Media paradigms __** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Interpersonal Media:** conversation, letter, telephone, email, IM <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">one-to-one communication <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Richard Florida’s creative class __**
 * paid to create
 * attatched to "creative habitats"
 * share "creative ethos"
 * driving future prosperity
 * Mass Media:** theatre, oratory, books, radio, television, film <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">one-to-many communication
 * New Media:** discussion forums, blogs, YouTube, wikis, games <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">many-to-many communication. New media are interactive, peered and networked

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**__Toronto transit camp__** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">An unconferences held in Toronto with the goals of understanding what is wrong with local transit and discussing ways to improve it <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Community: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">any group of individuals who interact and share some common <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">characteristics <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Open: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">no artificial barriers to entry; membership comes from creative <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">citizenship, both professional and amateur <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Creative: <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">production of ideas and inventions that are personal, original and //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">meaningful // __**Engagement pyramid <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * __Open creative communities__**

Post-industrialism**__ a society in which an economic transition has occurred from a manufacturing based economy to a service based economy, a diffusion of national and global capital, and mass privatization.


 * Consists of**
 * Computer based digital technology that amplifies mental labour
 * Expansion of information, information networks and data banks.
 * Global work evironments, flexible work arrangements
 * As well as high mass knowledge creation


 * Post Industrial Society according to the text (87-88)**
 * based on services
 * what counts is not raw muscle power, or energy, but information
 * the central person is the professional, for he is equipped, by his education and training, to provide the kinds of skills which are increasingly demanding in the post industrial society
 * the post-industrial society is defined by the quality of life as measured by the services and amenities- health, education, recreation, and the arts - which are now deemed desirable and possible for everyone

__**Information society**__ An information society is a society in which the creation, distribution, diffusion, use, integration and manipulation of information is a significant economic, political, and cultural activity. The knowledge economy is its economic counterpart whereby wealth is created through the economic exploitation of understanding.

According to Nick Dyer-Witherford, the doctrine surrounding the information society has 7 elemental beliefs:

- The world is in a state of fundamental transition/upheaval - The crucial resource of the new society is knowledge/information - The primary dynamic force in this revolution/society is technology development and diffusion - The generation of wealth in the information economy has eclipsed that of the material/manufacturing economy - Social transformation accompanying these technical and economic changed is essentially positive - The information revolution (technical, social and economic) is not only a new phase in human civilization but also an evolutionary step forward for life itself

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-Late 19th century to mid-20th century <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-Mass mechanized production <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-Standardized goods <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-Highly segmented process of production (assembly line) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * __Fordism and Post-fordism__**
 * Fordism**

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**Post-fordism** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-Economic restructuring in 1980s to increase flexibility <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-Just in time deliveries of special or small batch orders <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-Flattening of management hierarchy <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">

__**Postmodernism**__ - a late 20th century stream of social philosophy that attempts to describe a condition or state of being, while radically undermining traditional notions of the constitution of truth and reality. (p. 16)- truth and reality is constructed through discourse- thus they are built upon shifting relationships and networks of power <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">A view in which: -Technologies are neutral tools <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-Outcomes depend on how technologies are used <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> -We use technology to achieve more effectively ends that we deem worthwhile <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> -<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Technology embodies specific values & ways of being in the world <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> -individual devices may be neutral to their end usage, but technology in general encourages and enforces a particular way of being in the world (38) <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Impact of technology determined by the social relations and local conditions that support the technology. Possibility of many different kinds of impacts depending on social interactions (supported by Castell)
 * __Instrumentalism__** (p36)
 * __Substantivism__** (37-39)
 * __Social constructivism__** (39-43)

-new media make the passage of time and physical distance of space seem shorter.
 * __Time space compression (61-62)__**

-the loss of territorial constraints on mass media, relates to the time space compression. -generated and managed from places with less restrictions on time and space
 * __Deterritorialization (62-64)__**

__**Interactivity**__ All human communication involves interaction between people. It also refers to the capacity of digital communications media to enable a high degree of intervention and choice by users conversing the manner in which they receive information. (Barney, The Network Society, p.64)

-the ability to make a highly personalized, individualized, mass media experience -the ability to customize mass media experiences empowers the individuals ie. facebook: boxes, apps, less info on friends...etc. //myspace//
 * __Customization__** (67-68)

Castells is a professor of urban geography at Berkley. He has written a number of books and articles about geography, the city, and the information society, including a three-volume analysis of contemporary capitalism, titled The Information Age -As an historical trend, dominant functions and processes are increasingly organized around networks. Networks constitute the new social morphology of our societies, and the diffusion of networking logic substantially modifies the operation and outcomes in processes of production, experience, power and culture. -the present economic and social situation is a new age, rather than a continuation of industrial capitalism -Organization man is out. Flexible woman is in -Productivity is derived from the application of knowledge -Networking: capacity to assemble information and distribute it in a flexible, adaptable way aided by IT -Highly skilled, mobile labour key resource for any company -Ability to create new products & processes -Culture of shared information -Organizational learning -Territorial concentrations of innovation and production – Silicon Valley ---Network Society -An informational economy -Global economy -Network enterprise -Transformation of work: flexi-workers -Social polarization/social exclusion -Timeless time -Space of flows
 * __Manuel Castells__**

-Key figure in surveillance studies -Knowledge & power always conjoined -Never innocent knowledge; always an expression of power relationships -“Discipline and Punishment: the Birth of the Prison (1979) -Traces shift from punishment to discipline, from public executions (spectacle) to rehabilitation demanding need for information about crime, criminals & circumstances of crime = more need for records in & outside of prison & new forms of recording
 * __Michel Foucault__**

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; position: relative; top: -3.5pt;"> Frank Webster argues that there has been 5 people who have attempted to justify the uses of the term Information society. Webster felt that each of these were unsatisfactory, thus making today NOT an Infomation Society.
 * __Frank Webster__**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * Technological
 * Economic
 * Occupational
 * Spatial
 * Cultural.

-'Information Revolution’: no more than an intensification of processes set in motion when Scientific Management became the watch word of corporate capitalism. Technoculture -information gathering, documentation, & surveillance = more administrative efficiency, control & maintenance of power Taylorism & Scientific Mgm -Application of engineering principles to the industrial system of production -Time and motion studies to ensure efficiency -Standardization -Factory work to be planned, coordinated, & controlled under expert direction.

__**Saul Alinsky ( http://cct205-w09.wikispaces.com/Saul+Alinsky%27s+12+Rules+for+Radicals)**__ Saul Alinsky's 12 Rules of Radicals (used for community organizing):
 * 1) Power is not only what you have but what the enemy thinks you have.
 * 2) Never go outside the experience of your people.
 * 3) Wherever possible go outside of the experience of the enemy.
 * 4) Make the enemy live up to their own book of rules.
 * 5) Ridicule is man's most potent weapon.
 * 6) A good tactic is one that your people enjoy.
 * 7) A tactic that drags on too long becomes a drag.
 * 8) Keep the pressure on. Never let up.
 * 9) The threat is usually more terrifying than the thing itself.
 * 10) If you push a negative hard and deep enough it will break through into its counterside.
 * 11) The price of a successful attack is a constructive alternative.
 * 12) Pick the target, freeze it, personalize it, and polarize it.

__**Characteristics of new economy**__ (refer to lecture slides: "<span style="color: rgb(0,112,255);"> ") the ‘New Economy’ is centered on knowledge-intensive, R&D services that are needed to design, produce and market digital technologies

__**Robotics:**__ Bring in new technology to elminate physical workers

__**Comparison of industrial and information society**__ Try to Add more please.
 * Taken from Industrial/Post-industrial slide in lec3*
 * Industrial || Information Society (Post-Industrial?) ||
 * * Machines amplified and replaced **PHYSICAL** labor
 * increased material production power
 * Mass production and transportation of goods
 * Factory is the production center
 * High mass **CONSUMPTION, MANUFACTURING, MOTORIZATION** || * Computer/Digital technologies amplify **MENTAL** labor
 * Expansion of info., info. networks, and data banks
 * Global work environments, flexible work arrangements, etc
 * High mass **KNOWLEDGE** creation ||

- Communications backbone that connects an organizations every computer (and associated devices) at every location. “Network enterprise” gathers a number of related organization
 * __Network enterprise__**

The Network Enterprise is a virtual organization composed of many different types of businesses and networks of firms, supported by information technology, doing business with each other. Each segment of the enterprise may have an autonomous set of goals; the performance of the given enterprise will depend on how well it is connected, and how well the goals of the network components are consistent with the goals of the network enterprise itself

Example: Sheridan Slate Portal Aspects of a network enterprise:

1) internal decentralized networking of large firms 2) multilocational, segmented production and distribution chains 3) network of small and medium sized firms linked to larger networks 4) sectoral-level strategic alliances and project-driven, ad hoc joint ventures between firms (business to business networking) 5) networks of synchronous interactivity between consumers/customers and vendors/firms (interactivity and customization)

Generic labor (including many workers in natural resource, manufacturing, and service industries, also minimum wage and sweatshop labor) is deskilled, interchangeable and disposable; for these people, the goal is simple survival so as not to be relegated to the class of switch-off irrelevant labor.Abilities acquired through production process and can be replaced by machines. - such as financial analysts, company officers, journalists – manages information; - it is flexible and skilled - Its interests coincide with the goals of the network.- knowledge and information expanded through lifelong learning
 * __Generic labour__**
 * __Self programmable labour__**


 * __Restructuring of work and employment in new economy__**

Non-Standard Employment:
 * Refer to Lecture Slide "Work and the New Economy"

- Part-time work - Temporary Work - 'Rented worker' - one of the fastest growing categories of employment in North America & Europe
 * 1) 1 Flexible Workers

- Contracts, consulting, free lance work - Professionals, small business owners, independent crafts people, trades people - ****"Organization man is out. Flexible woman is in"**
 * 1) 2 Self Employment
 * - Contingent employment relationships

- Temporal dislocation = work not confined to 8 hour day, Monday - Friday work week - More flex time geared to flow of demands - Shift work - Diversification of work time - Spatial dislocation = home work, call centers, telecommuting
 * 1) 3 Temporal & Spatial Dislocation

- Decrease in long term job stability in a single firm for entire career - Projection that in 40 year career, people will revamp skill sets 3 times and change jobs 11 times - Portfolio workers - people who move from 1 task, contract or project to next, developing a network of portable skills, contacts, experiences
 * 1) 4 End of Single Occupational Trajectory or Firm

- Need for constant upgrading - Maximize flexibility and mobility - Ensure technological, skill and organizational compatibility with demands of new economy - Self Programmable vs. generic labour **
 * 1) 5 Lifelong Learning


 * **Benefits of Non-Standard Work** || **Drawbacks to Non-Standard Work** ||
 * Increased work flexibility || Fewer non-wage benefits ||
 * Increased mobility, autonomy & work satisfaction || Job insecurity; hard work + loyalty = ? ||
 * Flexibility = condition of job security || Periodic under or unemployment ||
 * Facilitated increase of women into workplace || Increased competition rather than solidarity b/t workers; polarization of workforce ||
 * || Social and Economic isolation for those working at home ||
 * || Shifting of costs of technology, work facilities from firm to individual worker ||

- Vertical Promotion - Annual increases - Long Term commitment - Traditional Benefits __**Flexible production and management models in new economy**__ managementmodels: - scientific management = direction by engineers, factory planning, time and motion study, standardization, intensive division of labour
 * What's Missing in the New Economy?**

__**Non-standard employment**__ (1) flexible workers (2) self-employment (3) temporal and spatial dislocation (4) end of single occupational trajectory or firm (5) lifelong learning

-Uncoupling of work from stable employment and steady income; fewer non-wage benefits -hard work + loyalty != Job insecurity (idea imposed on the working class - Foucault) -Periodic under or unemployment -Increased competition rather than solidarity between workers; polarization of workforce -Social and economic isolation for those working at home -Shifting of costs of technology, work facilities from firm to individual worker
 * __Drawbacks to non-standard work__:**

__**IT trends in Silicon Valley**__ -Territorial concentrations of innovation and production - San Franciscan Bay area in US famous for innovations in software and internet - historical influence on computer operating systems, software and user interfaces -was the centre of the dot-com bubble, but remained successful after the crash - notable companies include: Adobe, Apple, Cisco, eBay, Google, Intel, Facebook, Microsoft, Sony

__**Temporal and spatial dislocation of work**__ • Temporal dislocation = work not confined to 8 hour day, Monday – Friday work week • More flex time geared to flow of demands • Shift work • Diversification of work time • Spatial dislocation = home work, call centres, telecommuting

__**Portfolio workers**__ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">An individual who looks for work instead of a job and uses his previous work or portfolio as a resume - People who move from one task, contract of project to next developing a network of portable skills, contacts, and experiences

__**Taylorism**__ <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-Application of engineering principles to the industrial system of production <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-Time and motion studies to ensure efficiency <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-Standardization <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-Factory work to be planned, coordinated, & controlled under expert direction. - prinicple and practices of scientific management

-Attempt to manage consumption through collection and processing of data on consumer behavior -Personal data are used to sort populations into consuming types -Sloanism marked the beginning of post-Fordist era, when marketing began to dominate the process of production. -GM’s method of marketing became a worldwide model by which business could create and nourish demand. Sloanism continues to be essential to the workings of the late-capitalist <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">economy. -In the Post-Fordist era society is no longer structured in terms of classes that are determined with respect to labour and production. Now society is structure in terms of consumer classes, i.e now its not where you work but where you shop that determines your place within the social structure.
 * __Sloanism__**

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> • Industrial economy = mass production, mass consumption economy  <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> • Traditional mass manufacturing factories put out identical objects by the millions  <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> • New economy= demassified production short runs; customized products  <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;"> • Information & media services=segmented, individualized
 * __De-massification__**

__**Sources of surveillance data**__ Banks & data marketers collect data from transactions & web surfing Retailers collect data on every transaction Government agencies collect data from tax returns, property tax records & voting records Employer r ecords including keylogging software for all computers connected to a company network (on/off site; wired/wireless) University networks use keylogging software Internet surfing records kept by your ISP Public records Public private video cameras

a prison design based on the theory of observing without being observed. In this case, the guards being the observers and the prisoners being the observed. - The general idea behind the design is that prisoners are distributed around a centrally located watch tower. - Prisoners were able to view the tower and knew they were being watched (which theoretically should have induced behavioral changes) while the guards surveyed all of the prisoners easily from the tower. - A secondary benefit for the prisoners was an opportunity to be in an isolated environment that provided time for contemplation of the behavior that brought them to prison. -A benefit to the guards was the the prisoners couldn't see into the tower, so they never knew if they were being watched, but there was always the possibility
 * __Bentham’s Panopticon__**

__**RFID**__ Automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID (Radio-frequency identification) tags or transponders rs. Purchaser may not be aware of RFID or able or able to remove it Tag can be read at a distance without consent – beyond sightline of reader Can be used almost anywhere as an identification system: passports, food, pets, clothing with simple info or complex instructions

__**Carnivore** -__is a system implemented by the Federal Bureau of Investigation that is analogous to wiretapping, except in this case, e-mail and other communications are being tapped instead of telephone conversations. Carnivore is a customizable packet sniffer that can monitor all of a target user's Internet traffic. It is a form of policeware. Carnivore was implemented during the Clinton administration with the approval of the Attorney General. U.S. government officials have neither confirmed nor denied much about the physical or logical workings of Carnivore, but there are some facts that are generally agreed upon.

__**Trojan horse**__ - malware that performs malicious functions that allow unauthorized users to access the host computer

__**Drive by downloads**__ Drive-by downloading is a catch-all name for software downloaded on your computer without your knowledge or intervention. Drive-by downloads sneak onto computers without the user’s knowledge or permission. Some of the most common drive-by download carriers are songs from free music share sites, free screensavers, etc. Many of these install spyware that monitors your surfing habits, and then displays pop-ups that match your habits. Example, if you invest a good chunk of your Internet time cruising sport sites, the spyware detects this, and it could then splash sporting apparel ads on your monitor. Drive-by downloads can also attack your computer through e-mail spam

__Online advocacy**__ (refer to slide: Online_Advocacy_Campaigns-1 : BY: Ericmedia type="custom" key="3132618") <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">-Is the uses of the internet to organise and expanded advocacy campaigns -Actions of advocating or supporting cause or proposals online. -Examples: Hacktivists, Greenpeace