Test+1

== = = =Study Guide for Test 1=


 * Test Date/Time/Place**: Week 6, February 12, 2009 from 1 p.m. – 2:40 p.m. in the J102


 * Coverage**: All lectures, assigned readings, guest lectures, lab activities in Weeks 1 – 5.


 * Format:** **Short answers and essay**


 * Required**: A pen for short answers and essay and UTM student identification card, which will be checked during the test.


 * Value**: 25% of final mark in CCT 205


 * Key concepts and terms**: the following list is intended to assist students to study for the test by focusing attention on important concepts and terminology covered in the first half of the course.


 * Important Note**: the following list does not represent the complete list of terms and concepts that will be covered on test 1. This list is a guide only.

** Since we'll be drawing ideas from the first term, here are the notes i made, I hope this helps! Feel free to correct whatever. Input is greatly appreciated! **
** CCT205 ** ** Study Notes: Test 1 ** ICT – Information Communication Technology  ·  New media are information and communication technologies & their associated social contexts, incorporating  ·  Devices that enable and extend our abilities to communicate with particular focus on new interactive, multimedia communication systems & convergence of advanced telecommunications, computer & broadcasting networks  ·  Communication activities or practices we use to develop those devices  ·  Social arrangements or organizations that form around the devices and practices  ·  New ways of constructing truth  ·  Blogs, video blogs, YouTube, My Space  ·  The sociability of new Web processes are producing new pathways for engagement  ·  Electronic mobility – horizontal mass media flows  ·  Blurred distinction between producer and user generated content  ·  Radical democratization of knowledge; multiple sources and voices  ·  The public: “a simple totality of people in a particular realm…. It might be the people organized as a nation, commonwealth, the city, the state, or some other community.”  ·  “A public is the social space created by the reflexive circulation of discourse”  ·  A counter public exists when “a dominated group aspires to re-create itself as a [dominant] public and, in doing so, finds itself in conflict not only with the dominant social group, but also with the norms that constitute the dominant culture as a public “  ·  Cultural, anti-state, anti-market // Technological Determinism #1 // ·  Belief that technologies have an overwhelming and inevitable power to drive human interaction and social change ·  Focus on the effects or impacts of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on users, organizations, society ·  Science is driver of technological innovation resulting in improvements in society & progress // Technological Determinism #2 // ·  Belief that ICTs bring transformative shifts in society ·  Technology seen as independent causal factor ·  Technological imperative combines with idea that people react to and accommodate technological change, but do not try to reverse or redirect it // Technological Determinism #3 // ·  Ian Angell, New Barbarian Manifesto (2000) ·  “A ‘brave new world is being forced upon unsuspecting societies by advances in information technology.” ·  Technological advances happen automatically & have a life of their own ·  There is a logic to technological advances which is outside our control ·  Technologies are continuously remade by what users do with them  ·  New media technologies both shape and are shaped by their social, economic and cultural contexts  ·  The shaping is “recombinant”= products of continuous hybridization of both existing technologies and innovations in interconnected technical and institutional frameworks <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  ICTs are not determined by an independent, inevitable causality or evolutionary process unique to technology <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Designers, users, regulators take advantage of the current state of technological knowledge and recombine technologies and new knowledge to achieve their particular goals <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Y. Masuda – Managing in the Information Society (1990) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Technology drives transformation from industrial to information society <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  C. Leadbeater – Living on Thin Air (1999) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Positive about role of knowledge/ human capital in Information Society; success=new ideas, constant innovation, enterprise <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Toffler et al. The Information Society (1996) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  New technology creates dynamic competition & challenges to old industries and technologies <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  L. Winner – The Information Society (1996) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Technological changes not novel; false promises of technology <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Frank Webster – Times of Technoculture (1999) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Darker side – information gathering, documentation, & surveillance = more administrative efficiency, control & maintenance of power // Then  // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  More traditional mass media technologies based on large scale production & distribution of messages directed from a few media centres (major cities) out to ‘mass’ audiences <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Smooth & rapid diffusion of information from top of the hierarchy out to the periphery <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Little or no capacity for messages to go the other way = no feedback loop // Now // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Network now means interconnection in which many points or nodes (people, groups, machines, collections of information, organizations) may be created or abandoned on an as needed basis at any location in the system <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Any node can be either a sender or receiver of messages or both <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Nodes = ties that are multiple, intersecting and sometimes redundant ·  Networks constitute the new social morphology of our societies ·  Network society is a society where the key social structures and activities are organized around electronically processed information networks. So it's not just about networks or social networks, because social networks have been very old forms of social organization. It's about social networks which process and manage information and are using micro-electronic based technologies ·  Diffusion of a networking logic substantially modifies the operation and outcomes in processes of production, experience, power, and culture ·  Networks have become the basic units of modern society ·  The network society goes further than the information society that is often proclaimed. Castells argues that it is not purely the technology that defines modern societies, but also cultural, economical and political factors that make up the network society ·  Influences such as religion, cultural upbringing, political organizations, and social status all shape the network society ·  Societies are shaped by these factors in many ways. These influences can either raise or hinder these societies ·  Castells puts great importance on the networks and argues that the real power is to be found within the networks rather than confined in global cities <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Presence of digital technologies forming basic infrastructure of social, political & economic practices <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Networks as basic form of human organization and relationships **Attributes of the network society** // Attribute #1   // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Economic base of network society is informational <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Domination of the generation & distribution of knowledge and information <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Emphasis on continuous technological innovation and flexibility as source of economic growth // Attribute #2  // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   The economy is organized globally <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Capital, commodities & information not contained within national boundaries <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Regions, cities, firms, individual workers are reconstituted as flexible, temporary networks of varying degrees of power // Attribute #3  // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Time and space mediated by technology <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   “Timeless time” and “space of flows” // Attribute #4  // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Power and powerlessness are a function of access to networks and control over flows <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Networks acts as gatekeepers <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Some networks and nodes are more powerful than others // Attribute #5  // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Tension between the abstract perception of being placeless and the concrete desire of people to be grounded in a particular place <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Disjuncture between globalizing technology and local identity <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   In response, movements emerge to re-establish the local ·  It is the general term that has been created to describe the Web before the 'bursting of the dot-com bubble' in 2001, which is seen by many as a turning point for the internet ·   Describes the changing trends in the use of World Wide Web technology and web design that aim to enhance creativity, communications, secure information sharing, collaboration and functionality of the web ·   Web 2.0 concepts have led to the development and evolution of web-culture communities and hosted services, such as social-networking sites, video sharing sites, wikis, blogs, and folksonomies ·   Term suggests a new version of the World Wide Web, it does not refer to an update to any technical specifications, but rather to changes in the ways software developers and end-users utilize the Web <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Mastery of nature <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Rational instrumentality: efficiency of means over worthiness of ends <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Standardization <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Time - space compression (D. Harvey) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Deterritorialization <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Interactivity and customization //Instrumentalism// <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Technologies are neutral tools <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Outcomes depend on how technologies are used //Substantivism// <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Technology embodies specific values & ways of being in the world //Social constructivism// <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Impact of technology determined by the social relations and local conditions that support the technology. Possibility of many different kinds of impacts depending on social interactions <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Popular view of technology as force for societal transformation (Toffler, 1980) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Technological innovation seen as driver of transformation of core economic/social structures characteristic of capitalist societies for past 2 centuries <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Claim that ICTs are forging new modes of production and shifting economy from industrial to post-industrial model. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Late 19th century to mid-20th century <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Mass mechanized production <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Standardized goods <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Highly segmented process of production (assembly line) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Economic restructuring in 1980s to increase flexibility <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Just in time deliveries of special or small batch orders <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Flattening of management hierarchy // Industrial // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Machines amplified/ replaced physical labour & increased material production power <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Mass production of goods & transportation of goods <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Factory is production centre <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  High mass consumption, manufacturing, motorization // Post Industrial // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Computer/digital technology amplifies mental labour <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Expansion of information, information networks & data banks <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Global work environments, flexible work arrangements <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  High mass knowledge creation <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Application of engineering principles to the industrial system of production <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Time and motion studies to ensure efficiency <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Standardization <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Factory work to be planned, coordinated, & controlled under expert direction <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Information centralized/controlled in planning departments = potential for surveillance + controlling production process **Changing Labour Market** // Industrial  // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Jobs available <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Job security <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Grade 12 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Standard employment <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Wages/salaries <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Routine production services <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  In-person services // Post-Industrial  // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Work available <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Work security <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Lifelong learning <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Contract, consulting <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Performance pay <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Symbolic analytic services <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  An informational economy <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Global economy <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Network enterprise <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Transformation of work: flexi-workers <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Social polarization/social exclusion <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Timeless time <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Space of flows <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Productivity is derived from the application of knowledge <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Networking: capacity to assemble information and distribute it in a flexible, adaptable way aided by IT  <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Highly skilled, mobile labour key resource for any company <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Generic versus self programmable labour <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Ability to create new products & processes <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Culture of shared information <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Organizational learning <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Territorial concentrations of innovation and production – Silicon Valley <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Industrial economy = mass production, mass consumption economy <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Traditional mass manufacturing factories put out identical objects by the millions <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  New economy=demassified production short runs; customized products <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Information & media services=segmented, individualized **The Dual Role of Digital Innovation** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Companies are always trying to employ the most effective mix of labour and technology. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à In brief, when labour is expensive, it becomes more attractive to employ new technologies in order to substitute for the high-cost of workers (and when labour is cheap, it makes sense to produce goods in a labour-intensive way). **The Labour-creating Role of Digital Innovation** •  While digital technology is being used to replace ‘old’/expensive manufacturing workers, the ‘New Economy’ is centered on knowledge-intensive, R&D services that are needed to design, produce and market these very same digital technologies. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Niche-fixated, small-audience specialty channels <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  TiVo – digital recorders that search t.v. schedules & save only programs suiting user’s taste <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Music downloading & iPods with individual play lists <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Blogs & subscriptions to Web services aligned with own beliefs & biases <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Possible that TiVo data on what viewers watch can be used by advertisers to hyper-target advertising to individuals <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Portrayal of personal ego through different available mediums <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Castells: the present economic and social situation is a new age, rather than a continuation of industrial capitalism <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Barney: network society = development of industrial society leaving capitalism intact. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Barney: network society = supercharged version of capitalism; extension of Taylorism <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  What are the continuities & discontinuities between network economy and its predecessor? <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  “Digitization has affected the nature of work performed in the economy as much as the quantity of employment” – Crow and Langford, in Citizenship Studies, 2000 <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Organization of work and labour: flexibility versus security // #1 Flexible workers // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Non-standard forms of employment <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Part-time work <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Temporary work <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  ‘Rented worker’ – temp work = one of fastest growing categories of employment in North America & Europe (Naomi Klein, 2000) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Industrial capitalism & rise of factory system associated with introduction in scientific management <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Scientific management = direction by engineers, factory planning, time and motion study, standardization, intensive division of labour <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Efficiency in factory production; control over workforce; ‘automatic perfection of routine’ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Information collection and surveillance // Non-Standard Work: #2 Self Employment // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Contracts, consulting, free lance work <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Professionals, small business owners, independent crafts people, trades people <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  “Organization man is out. Flexible woman is in.” (Castells, 2001) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Contingent employment relationships // Non-standard Work: #3 Temporal & Spatial Dislocation // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Temporal dislocation = work not confined to 8 hour day, Monday – Friday work week <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  More flex time geared to flow of demands <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Shift work <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Diversification of work time <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Spatial dislocation = home work, call centres, telecommuting // Non-Standard Work: #4 End of Single Occupational Trajectory or Firm // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Decrease in long term job stability in a single firm for entire career <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Projection that in 40 year career, people will revamp skill sets 3 times and change jobs 11 times <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Portfolio workers – people who move from 1 task, contract or project to next developing a network of portable skills, contacts, experiences // Non-standard Work:#5 Lifelong Learning // <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Need for constant upgrading <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Maximize flexibility and mobility <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Ensure technological, skill and organizational compatibility with demands of new economy <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Self programmable versus generic labor <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  From jobs available to work available <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  From job security to work security <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  From postsecondary education to life long learning <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  From career path of climbing ladder to spiral or lateral paths <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  From specialization to multi- skilling <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  From hierarchical to flatter organizations <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Fewer full time jobs; more contracts, temporary, part-time opportunities <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Expanded team work; more responsibility and accountability at all levels <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  More self directed job seekers selling services on job to job basis <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Performance pay; softening in salaries <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Expectation that employees will relocate; more global work environments <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Increased work flexibility <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Increased mobility, autonomy & work satisfaction <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Flexibility = condition of job security <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Facilitated increase of women into workplace <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Uncoupling of work from stable employment and steady income; fewer non-wage benefits <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Job insecurity; hard work + loyalty = ? <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Periodic under or unemployment <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Increased competition rather than solidarity between workers; polarization of workforce <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Social and economic isolation for those working at home <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Shifting of costs of technology, work facilities from firm to individual worker <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Vertical promotion <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Annual increases <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Long term commitment <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Traditional benefits <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  “People need to look at themselves as self employed, as vendors who come to this company to sell their skills…In AT&T, jobs are being replaced by projects and fields of work, giving rise to a society that is increasingly jobless but not workless” (Vice President of AT&T, 1996) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Unstable markets, unstable demand for work <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Pace of change in skill requirements <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Deskilling and skill upgrading tendencies <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Need for continuous improvement, learning & innovation to remain competitive <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Need for reflexivity – workers examine and improve their own work processes to meet changing consumer demands <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Growth in use of the internet and wireless communications <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Services component of IT increased <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Changes in the manufacturing component. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Globalization of the IT supply chain has shifted IT manufacturing production to new locations, often overseas, where labor is relatively inexpensive <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  //A changed landscape?// <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  How much has new technology changed the world of surveillance? <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  What are the impact of these changes? <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Where are we headed? <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Is surveillance a technological issue or is it a question of the management & control of information within and between groups? **What’s new….** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  The size of databases. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Technology that makes data collection and storage easier and cheaper. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  It’s not just the government anymore that collects personal data. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Confusion about what is and isn’t possible <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Greater potential for surveillance <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Increasing exposure of citizens to surveillance <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Increased capacity to store data <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Harvesting of transactional information from credit cards, direct debit exchanges, health & welfare records, electoral registers <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Closed circuit television cameras in urban centers <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Thus, rise of information society = rise of a surveillance society <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Digitization magnify surveillance functions <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Extension of earlier spheres of monitoring and control <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Hyper surveillance <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Computerization enhances and alters social processes <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Within government <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Within bureaucracies <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Within the economy **Robins & Webster: Times of Technoculture (1999)** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  ‘Information Revolution’: no more than an intensification of processes set in motion when Scientific Management became the watch word of corporate capitalism <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Surveillance =control of information and superintendence of the activities of some groups by others <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Information gathering & storage key to state in its planning and control functions <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Regularized gathering, storage and control of information = crucial for administrative efficiency & maintaining power <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  High level of surveillance associated with totalitarian rule (Anthony Giddens, The Nation State & Violence, 1985) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Taylor (1947): scientific management = form of control of production process & workers in modern corporate capitalism <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Mass production & mass consumption regulated through efficiency requiring management of info. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Sloan at GM in 1920s: birth of modern marketing based on collection, aggregation & dissemination of information **Sloanism** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Attempt to manage consumption through collection and processing of data on consumer behavior <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Personal data are used to sort populations into consuming types <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Sloanism marked the beginning of post-Fordist era, when marketing began to dominate the process of production. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  GM’s method of marketing became a worldwide model by which business could create and nourish demand. Sloanism continues to be essential to the workings of the late-capitalist economy. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  In the Post-Fordist era society is no longer structured in terms of classes that are determined with respect to labour and production. Now society is structure in terms of consumer classes, i.e now its not where you work but where you shop that determines your place within the social structure. **Michel Foucault Discipline and Punishment (1979)** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Key figure in surveillance studies <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Knowledge & power always conjoined <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Never innocent knowledge; always an expression of power relationships <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  “Discipline and Punishment: the Birth of the Prison (1979) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Traces shift from punishment to discipline, from public executions (spectacle) to rehabilitation demanding need for information about crime, criminals & circumstances of crime = more need for records in & outside of prison & new forms of recording [|**Bentham’s Panopticon**] ·  Prison design based on the theory of observing without being observed. In this case, the guards being the observers and the prisoners being the observed. **Questions on Panopticon** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  How does Bentham's panopticon work to control behavior? <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  How does the informational panopticon affect individual liberty? <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  How do big databases that track consumer behavior contribute to the loss of liberty and/or privacy? <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  How does a loss of privacy impact our freedom to act spontaneously? <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  How are privacy- reducing initiatives sold to the public? //Panopticon #1// <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  New prison regime = need for continuous surveillance <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  New spatial and social organization of power <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Bentham’s Panopticon = architectural design for prisons which allowed many to be watched by a few who could not be seen <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Live with knowledge that prisoners could be subject to continuous observation //Panopticon #2// <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Induces in prisoner a state of conscious and permanent visibility assuring automatic power <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Constant observing of prisoner by inspector <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Prisoner knows himself to be observed or can be observed at every/any moment <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Panopticon = epitome of social control; paradigm of modern discipline **Jeremy Bentham** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Bentham was a lawyer and social activist with an agenda to improve the lives of the powerless in his culture. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Seeking to improve upon the abhorrent prison conditions that predominated in Britain at the time, Bentham designed the panopticon as the modern model for a rehabilitative prison. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  The general idea behind the design is that prisoners are distributed around a centrally located watch tower. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Prisoners were able to view the tower and knew they were being watched (which theoretically should have induced behavioral changes) while the guards surveyed all of the prisoners easily from the tower. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  A secondary benefit for the prisoners was an opportunity to be in an isolated environment that provided time for contemplation of the behavior that brought them to prison. **Foucault** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Bentham's //Panopticon// at the periphery, a building; at the centre, a tower <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Tower is pierced with wide windows that open onto the inner side of the ring; the building is divided into cells, each of which extends the whole width of the building; they have two windows, one on the inside, the other, on the outside, allows the light to cross the cell from one end to the other. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  All that is needed, then, is to place a supervisor in a central tower and to enclose in each cell a condemned person <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   By the effect of backlighting, one can observe from the tower, standing out precisely against the light, the small captive shadows in the cells of the periphery. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Hence the major effect of the Panopticon: to induce in the inmate a state of conscious and permanent visibility that assures the automatic functioning of power. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Unverifiable: the inmate must never know whether he is being looked at t any one moment; but he must be sure that he may always be so. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  In order to make the presence or absence of the inspector unverifiable, so that the prisoners, in their cells, cannot even see a shadow, Bentham envisaged not only venetian blinds on the windows of the central observation hall, but, on the inside, partitions that intersected the hall at right angles and, in order to pass from one quarter to the other, not doors but zig zag openings; for the slightest noise, a gleam of light, a brightness in a half-opened door would betray the presence of the guardian. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  The Panopticon is a machine for dissociating the see/being seen dyad: in the peripheral ring, one is totally seen, without ever seeing; in the central tower, one sees everything without ever being seen <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  The practice of placing individuals under 'observation' is a natural extension of a justice imbued with disciplinary methods and examination procedures. Is it surprising that the cellular prison, with its regular chronologies, forced labour, its authorities of surveillance and registration, its experts in normality, who continue and multiply the functions of the judge, should have become the modern instrument of penality? <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Is it surprising that prisons resemble factories, schools, barracks, hospitals, which all resemble prisons? ·  Panopticon, a single guard can watch over many prisoners while the guard remains unseen ·  The dark dungeon of pre-modernity has been replaced with the bright modern prison, but Foucault cautions that "visibility is a trap" ·  It is through this visibility, Foucault writes, that modern society exercises its controlling systems of power and knowledge (terms which Foucault believed to be so fundamentally connected that he often combined them in a single hyphenated concept, "power-knowledge") ·  Increasing visibility leads to power located on an increasingly individualized level, shown by the possibility for institutions to track individuals throughout their lives. Foucault suggests that a "carceral continuum" runs through modern society, from the maximum security prison, through secure accommodation, probation, social workers, police, and teachers, to our everyday working and domestic lives. All are connected by the (witting or unwitting) supervision (surveillance, application of norms of acceptable behaviour) of some humans by others <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Wave of new information and communications technologies are allowing the development of an ‘electronic panopticon’ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  People are monitored by unseen forces, often automated, more than ever before **Sources of Surveillance Data** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Banks & data marketers collect data from transactions & web surfing <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Retailers collect data on every transaction <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Government agencies collect data from tax returns, property tax records & voting records <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Employer records including keylogging software for all computers connected to a company network (on/off site; wired/wireless) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  University networks use keylogging software <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Internet surfing records kept by your ISP <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Public records <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Public private video cameras **Location of surveillance: you** ·  Trojan Horse - malware that performs malicious functions that allow unauthorized users to access the host computer <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  More than 5% of executable files are spyware. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  One in 62 internet sites contain “drive by download” attacks. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Games, celebrity sites, and illegal sites most likely to contain spyware. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  University of Washington study, 2006 **Spyware: The Trojan Horse** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Beware of ancient Greeks bearing gifts during siege of Troy <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Something that appears good, but conceals something harmful <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  A //computer// trojan horse = a program which appears to be something good, but actually conceals something bad. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Spread by hiding it inside a distribution of normal software. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  In 2002, the sendmail and OpenSSH packages were both used to hide trojan horses. This was done by an attacker who broke into the distribution sites for these software packages and replaced the original distributions with his own packages. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  A more common method of spreading a trojan horse is to send it via e-mail. The attacker will send the victim an e-mail with an attachment called something like "prettygirls.exe." When the victim opens the attachment to see the pretty girls, the trojan horse will infect his system. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  A similar technique for spreading trojan horses is to send files to unsuspecting users over chat systems like IRC, AIM, ICQ, MSN, or Yahoo Messenger. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  At a high-tech prison opening Feb. 2006, inmates wear electronic wristbands that track their every movement and guards monitor cells using emotion recognition software. – BBC, 2006 **RFID: Radio Frequency Identification** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders rs. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Purchaser may not be aware of RFID or able or able to remove it  <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Tag can be read at a distance without consent – beyond sightline of reader <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Can be used almost anywhere as an identification system: passports, food, pets, clothing with simple info or complex instructions **Network sniffers: Carnivore** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Definition: Carnivore is a "network diagnostic tool" created by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to assist in crime investigations. It is a secure computer platform running Windows/NT or Windows 2000 and application software developed by the FBI. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Carnivore has drawn special attention, however, because of the large amount of Internet traffic it is capable of capturing. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  The FBI typically installs Carnivore in an ISP data center when investigating individuals suspected of federal crimes such as terrorism. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Carnivore snoops essentially all data flowing through the network and saves the bits that fit a specific profile -- email sent or received from a particular user name, for example, or all data sent to Web sites from a particular IP address. Although the data of many other uninvolved people on the Net may flow through the Carnivore system, the FBI claims that the privacy of this data will not be compromised. **Drive by Downloads** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Drive-by downloading is a catch-all name for software downloaded on your computer without your knowledge or intervention. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Drive-by downloads sneak onto computers without the user’s knowledge or permission. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Some of the most common drive-by download carriers are songs from free music share sites, free screensavers, etc. Many of these install spyware that monitors your surfing habits, and then displays pop-ups that match your habits. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Example, if you invest a good chunk of your Internet time cruising sport sites, the spyware detects this, and it could then splash sporting apparel ads on your monitor. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  Drive-by downloads can also attack your computer through e-mail spam ·  He has resisted the view that the Information Society is radically new, insisting on the primacy of continuities and consolidations of established trends ·  Conceives today’s ‘informational capitalism’ as a development from corporate capitalism and, before that, laissez-faire (let it be) capitalism, that advances principles of market society such as private ownership, competition, profitability, commodification, ability to pay, and the centrality of wage labour ·  Often draws attention to the darker sides of informational developments, especially the military dimensions. He has adopted the concept of Information War to examine the changing information environment of recent wars ·  Alinsky came up with the idea of power analysis, which looks at relationships built on self-interest between corporations, banks and utilities ·  Alinsky championed new ways to organize the poor and powerless that created a backyard revolution in cities across America ·  Founder of modern community organizing // Alinsky's twelve rules of power // 1. Power is not only what you have but what the enemy thinks you have. 2. Never go outside the experience of your people. 3. Wherever possible go outside of the experience of the enemy. 4. Make the enemy live up to their own book of rules. 5. Ridicule is man's most potent weapon. 6. A good tactic is one that your people enjoy. 7. A tactic that drags on too long becomes a drag. 8. Keep the pressure on. 9. The threat is usually more terrifying than the thing itself. 10. The major premise for tactics is the development of operations that will maintain a constant pressure upon the opposition. 11. If you push a negative hard and deep enough it will break through into its counterside. 12. The price of a successful attack is a constructive alternative. 13. Pick the target, freeze it, personalize it, and polarize it. ·  Social media principles are attempting to boil down the core lessons that social media has taught us; applied in a technology neutral way to the rest of our lives and in business ·  Establish networks and understand our place in them <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à  help us build better communities and working relationships, help us communicate and relate better 1. // Associations are inherently good // - Knowing more people expands opportunity and conversation 2. // Information wants to be free // - Free society runs on free information. Information hoarding is the enemy of discourse and growth 3. // Economies have currencies // - All economies trade on specialized currencies. 4. // Decentralization is freedom // - Decentralized power structures spur creativity, growth, and innovation 5. // Rules beget rules // - The more rules you have, the more rules you make 6. // Karma is real // - You give more, you get more 7. // Context is Fluid // - How you view an object today will be different tomorrow. Don't destroy tomorrow's value 8. // Immediacy in all things // - Strike while the iron is hot. Eat when the food is fresh. 9. // Communication is blood // - Communication is the river upon which information flows 10. // Findability is power // - Unfindable information or people are irrelevant
 * New Media and Civil Engagement **
 * The Social Web: Redefining the Public Sphere?  **
 * Publics and Counter Publics: Michael Warner (2002) **
 * Technological determinism **
 * Social Shaping Perspective: (Lievrouw, 2002) **
 * The Information Society: Advocates **
 * The Information Society: Critics **
 * Defining a Network **
 * Manuel Castells **
 * The Network Society: Characteristics (Barney, 2004) **
 * Web 1.0 **
 * Web 2.0 **
 * Essence of Network Technology (D.Barney) **
 * Technology and Society **
 * ICTs & Social Transformation **
 * Fordism **
 * Post-Fordism **
 * Changing Technology /Changing Workplaces **
 * Taylorism and Scientific Management (Robins & Webster, 1999) **
 * The Network Society Castells (1997) **
 * The Network Society Castells (2001) **
 * Innovation (Castells, 2001) **
 * De-massification **
 * Digital Innovation plays two important roles in the ‘New Economy’: 1) the labour-saving component of digital innovation refers to the possibility of substituting new digital/robotic technologies for workers; 2) the labour-creating component refers to the direct products and services that are involved in generating these new technologies.
 * The Labour-saving Role of Digital Innovation **
 * Media Implications: Narrowcasting **
 * Egocasting **
 * ‘New Economy’: How New? **
 * Networks & Restructuring of Work **
 * Non-Standard Employment **
 * Taylorism & Scientific Management **
 * Changing Labour Market **
 * New Employment Trends **
 * Benefits of Non-Standard Work **
 * Drawbacks to Non-Standard Work **
 * What’s Missing in New Economy? **
 * Case: High Tech Industries Silicon Valley, California **
 * Challenges **
 * Changes in IT Employment **
 * Surveillance **
 * Digital Technologies & Surveillance **
 * David Lyon Surveillance Society (2001) **
 * Giddens on Surveillance **
 * Surveillance and Control **
 * Michel Foucault **
 * Panopticon as Metaphor **
 * Computer Trojan Horse **
 * Slippery Slopes… **
 * Frank Webster **
 * Saul Alinsky **
 * 10 Principles of Social Media **

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - [Lets try and start with defining these as a group - I will start a discussion group thread, under this page, and if we can all do this as a group! it will help everyone ]-user:mona87 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - <span style="display: block; color: rgb(255,247,0); background-color: rgb(253,38,43); text-align: center;">PLEASE READ BELOW THE RED LINE <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">i have started posting what has been posted in discussion and what i got in to a wiki page please media type="custom" key="3134092" edit and add to **list** Please edit this page and difine the terms below !! Thanks :) (bold letters for already defined terms)
 * The following are terms and concepts that will be covered on test 1*

The terms below have already been defined (thanks to the students in our class), click here and you will find the list! user:mona87

WHY MAKE THINGS MORE COMPLICATED BY HAVING 2 PAGES WITH THE SAME INFO???? user:cooze

i had already started a discussion for this pg for the terms, and someone later had also started something else.. its okay!.. as long as we have all the inofrmation, thatz wat matters no need to get upset! =) good luck user:mona87

It was useful! thanks so much! <span style="display: block; color: rgb(255,241,10); background-color: rgb(254,27,27); text-align: center;">PLEASE READ ABOVE THE RED LINE

Open creative communities Post-industrialism Information society Postmodernism Time space compression - time and space are shortened due to information technologies (time/space dislocation) Interactivity Customization Saul Alinsky Comparison of industrial and information society Network enterprise Self programmable labour Flexible production and management models in new economy Temporal and spatial dislocation of work Sources of surveillance data [|**Bentham’s Panopticon**] - a prison design based on the theory of observing without being observed. In this case, the guards being the observers and the prisoners being the observed. [|**Carnivore**] [|**Trojan horse**] - malware that performs malicious functions that allow unauthorized users to access the host computer [|**Drive by downloads**] Online advocacy
 * Attributes of the network society** - information base, knowledge workers, global, flexible
 * Technological determinism** - technology is the driving change of society (technology= independent causal factor)
 * Social shaping perspective -** technologies are continuously remade by what users do with them. Shaping is "recombinant"
 * Web 1.0 and 2.0 - Web 1.0 =** an information source, one to many, Web 2.0 = participation platform, sharing, communities, interactive, networked, many to many
 * Richard Florida’s creative class** - An emergent class in the work force consisting of knowledge workers, intellectuals, and various types of artists
 * 3 Media paradigms** - interpersonal media, mass media, and new media
 * Toronto transit camp** - Toronto unconference --> transit users come to share ideas how to make the TTC better (participate and collaborate, not complain.)
 * Engagement pyramid -** visitors, particpants, creators and collaborators
 * Fordism** - assembly lines, mass production, standardization
 * Post-fordism** - restructuring to increase flexibility, customization, just-in-time deliveries, flattening of management hierarchies
 * Instrumentalism** - technology is a neutral tool, uses determined by users
 * Substantivism** - technology embodies specific values and ways of being in the world
 * Social constructivism-** the impact of technology determined by the social relation and local conditions that support the technology
 * Deterritorialization**: To undo territory that has been established.
 * Manuel Castells** - information economy, global economy, network enterprise, flexible workers, social polarization, timeless time, space of flows
 * Michel Foucault-** critic of social institutions, rejected the post-structuralist and postmodernist labels.
 * Frank Webster** - critic of the information society, sees the darker side (e.g. surveillance/control)
 * Characteristics of new economy** - eCommerce (online shopping), global, customization, work anywhere/anytime, flttening of management hierarchy, special/small batch orders "just in time"
 * Robotics** - robots replacing human labour, e.g. automotive industry
 * Generic labour** - standard labour, just has the skills from training, no ability to upgrade or acquire new skills
 * Restructuring of work and employment in new economy** - end of single occupational firm for career, more flexibility vs. security, temporary workers, contract work, time and space dislocation
 * Non-standard employment** - tasks (no defined space), contractual, temporary, changing, consulting, lifelong learning, performance pay (vs. salary & bonuses), symbolic analytic service (vs. routine production service)
 * IT trends in Silicon Valley** - hub of technology but companies reinforcing idea that workers are disposable and can be replaced
 * Portfolio workers** - workers move from one temporary job to another, e.g. contract to contract, forming a series a portable skills, experiences etc...
 * Taylorism -** applies engineering principles to production, time and motion studies to increase efficiency e.g. how many parts can be produced in an hour
 * Sloanism -** data collection for maketing purposes (form of surveillance)
 * RFID** **-** radio frequency identification device, used throughout the world in things like the tag on clothing from department stores. Often associated with "big brother" watching, they can be used to store personal information like spending habits, as well as have the ability to track locations of the device.